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Jeffrey Marx and Karen Cummings
Discussions of diagnostic tools that gauge students' conceptual understanding permeate the literature. Many instructors report their class' normalized gain to characterize the change in scores from pre-test to post-test. We describe a new procedure for characterizing these changes. This procedure, which we call the normalized change, c, involves the ratio of the gain to the maximum possible gain or the loss to the maximum possible loss. We also advocate reporting the average of a class' normalized changes and utilizing a particular statistical and graphical approach for comparing average c values.
American Journal of Physics: Volume 75, Issue 1, Pages 87-91
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<a href="https://www.compadre.org/portal/items/detail.cfm?ID=5378">Marx, Jeffrey, and Karen Cummings. "Normalized Change." Am. J. Phys. 75, no. 1, (2007): 87-91.</a>
AIP Format
J. Marx and K. Cummings, , Am. J. Phys. 75 (1), 87 (2007), WWW Document, (https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2372468).
AJP/PRST-PER
J. Marx and K. Cummings, Normalized Change, Am. J. Phys. 75 (1), 87 (2007), <https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2372468>.
APA Format
Marx, J., & Cummings, K. (2007). Normalized Change. Am. J. Phys., 75(1), 87-91. Retrieved May 19, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2372468
Chicago Format
Marx, Jeffrey, and Karen Cummings. "Normalized Change." Am. J. Phys. 75, no. 1, (2007): 87-91, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2372468 (accessed 19 May 2024).
MLA Format
Marx, Jeffrey, and Karen Cummings. "Normalized Change." Am. J. Phys. 75.1 (2007): 87-91. 19 May 2024 <https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2372468>.
BibTeX Export Format
@article{
Author = "Jeffrey Marx and Karen Cummings",
Title = {Normalized Change},
Journal = {Am. J. Phys.},
Volume = {75},
Number = {1},
Pages = {87-91},
Year = {2007}
}
Refer Export Format
%A Jeffrey Marx %A Karen Cummings %T Normalized Change %J Am. J. Phys. %V 75 %N 1 %D 2007 %P 87-91 %U https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2372468 %O application/pdf
EndNote Export Format
%0 Journal Article %A Marx, Jeffrey %A Cummings, Karen %D 2007 %T Normalized Change %J Am. J. Phys. %V 75 %N 1 %P 87-91 %U https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2372468 Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications.
Citation Source Information
The AIP Style presented is based on information from the AIP Style Manual. The APA Style presented is based on information from APA Style.org: Electronic References. The Chicago Style presented is based on information from Examples of Chicago-Style Documentation. The MLA Style presented is based on information from the MLA FAQ. |
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