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F. Herrmann and P. Wurfel
Thermodynamic states and processes involving light are discussed in which the chemical potential of light is nonzero. Light with nonzero chemical potential is produced in photochemical reactions, for example, in a light emitting diode. The chemical potential of black-body radiation becomes negative upon a Joule expansion. The isothermal diffusion of light is driven by the gradient in the chemical potential. These and other examples support the idea that light can be interpreted as a gas of photons, with properties similar to a material gas.
American Journal of Physics: Volume 73, Issue 8, Pages 717-721
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<a href="https://www.compadre.org/portal/items/detail.cfm?ID=11434">Herrmann, Friedrich, and P. Wurfel. "Light with nonzero chemical potential." Am. J. Phys. 73, no. 8, (March 18, 2005): 717-721.</a>
AIP Format
F. Herrmann and P. Wurfel, , Am. J. Phys. 73 (8), 717 (2005), WWW Document, (https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1904623).
AJP/PRST-PER
F. Herrmann and P. Wurfel, Light with nonzero chemical potential, Am. J. Phys. 73 (8), 717 (2005), <https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1904623>.
APA Format
Herrmann, F., & Wurfel, P. (2005, March 18). Light with nonzero chemical potential. Am. J. Phys., 73(8), 717-721. Retrieved May 1, 2025, from https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1904623
Chicago Format
Herrmann, Friedrich, and P. Wurfel. "Light with nonzero chemical potential." Am. J. Phys. 73, no. 8, (March 18, 2005): 717-721, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1904623 (accessed 1 May 2025).
MLA Format
Herrmann, Friedrich, and P. Wurfel. "Light with nonzero chemical potential." Am. J. Phys. 73.8 (2005): 717-721. 1 May 2025 <https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1904623>.
BibTeX Export Format
@article{
Author = "Friedrich Herrmann and P. Wurfel",
Title = {Light with nonzero chemical potential},
Journal = {Am. J. Phys.},
Volume = {73},
Number = {8},
Pages = {717-721},
Month = {March},
Year = {2005}
}
Refer Export Format
%A Friedrich Herrmann %A P. Wurfel %T Light with nonzero chemical potential %J Am. J. Phys. %V 73 %N 8 %D March 18, 2005 %P 717-721 %U https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1904623 %O application/pdf
EndNote Export Format
%0 Journal Article %A Herrmann, Friedrich %A Wurfel, P. %D March 18, 2005 %T Light with nonzero chemical potential %J Am. J. Phys. %V 73 %N 8 %P 717-721 %8 March 18, 2005 %@ 0002-9505 %U https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1904623 Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications.
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