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Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan, and Geoffrey C. Williams
This article analyzes the scientific literature related to self-regulation in terms of self-determination theory, using the concepts of intrinsic motivation and the internalization of extrinsic motivation. Laboratory experiments and field studies are reviewed indicating that: (1) intrinsic motivation and fully internalized extrinsic motivation are positively associated with high quality learning and personal adjustment; and (2) maintaining intrinsic motivation and internalizing extrinsic motivation are facilitated by social contexts that allow satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Such contexts are ones that are characterized by the provision of choice, optimal challenge, informational feedback, interpersonal involvement, and acknowledgment of feelings.
This article is part of a special edition of the "Learning and Individual Differences" journal, which is accessible without subscription at ScienceDirect
<a href="https://www.compadre.org/quantum/items/detail.cfm?ID=16111">Deci, E, R. Ryan, and G. Williams. "Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning." Learn. Individ. Differ. 8, no. 3, (July 26, 1996): 165-183.</a>
E. Deci, R. Ryan, and G. Williams, Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning, Learn. Individ. Differ. 8 (3), 165 (1996), <https://doi.org/10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90013-8>.
Deci, E., Ryan, R., & Williams, G. (1996, July 26). Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning. Learn. Individ. Differ., 8(3), 165-183. Retrieved June 9, 2026, from https://doi.org/10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90013-8
Deci, E, R. Ryan, and G. Williams. "Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning." Learn. Individ. Differ. 8, no. 3, (July 26, 1996): 165-183, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90013-8 (accessed 9 June 2026).
Deci, Edward L., Richard M. Ryan, and Geoffrey C. Williams. "Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning." Learn. Individ. Differ. 8.3 (1996): 165-183. 9 June 2026 <https://doi.org/10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90013-8>.
@article{
Author = "Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan and Geoffrey C. Williams",
Title = {Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning},
Journal = {Learn. Individ. Differ.},
Volume = {8},
Number = {3},
Pages = {165-183},
Month = {July},
Year = {1996}
}
%A Edward L. Deci %A Richard M. Ryan %A Geoffrey C. Williams %T Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning %J Learn. Individ. Differ. %V 8 %N 3 %D July 26, 1996 %P 165-183 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90013-8 %O text/html
%0 Journal Article %A Deci, Edward L. %A Ryan, Richard M. %A Williams, Geoffrey C. %D July 26, 1996 %T Need satisfaction and the self-regulation of learning %J Learn. Individ. Differ. %V 8 %N 3 %P 165-183 %8 July 26, 1996 %@ 1041-6080 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90013-8
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