Algebra-Based Physics: "Static" Electricity Units
Characteristics of "static" electricity include: 1) The number of of positive and negative electric charges within a material may not be equal, 2) voltage is high and current is low, 3) electrical forces (attraction and repulsion) can reach across great distances, and 4) electric fields (as opposed to magnetic fields) become very important. (Electric fields are also called "electrostatic fields" or "e-fields." Units are not listed in a prescribed order.
Teaching About Electrostatics (7)
Activities:
This robust, completely turn-key package features 9 interactive models to explore attraction/repulsion, Coulomb's Law, and charge interaction at the atomic scale. If your students can't seem to visualize electric field concepts.....they will after completing this 90-minute activity. Teachers who register on the website (it's free) can also access cool tools like "Snapshot" data capture and annotated photo albums for group sharing.
Level: Grades 10-12
Duration: Two Class Periods
References and Collections:
This website from the University of Rochester offers 20+ demos designed to promote understanding of electrostatic processes. Build a leaf electroscope, a "dissectible" capicitor, a moving charge sensor, a piezoelectric sparker, and more.
Level: High School
This free online textbook was created by a veteran professor who blends written materials from "lectures that worked" with calculus-based problems and solutions. The first two chapters deal with electrostatic phenomena. Great content support for teachers!
Content Support For Teachers:
Common misconceptions about the topic of electrostatics are fully explored in this resource for both teachers and learners. The author debunks more than a dozen myths as he offers comprehensive explanations of related phenomena.
The study of lightning is an exciting way to learn about electric field and charge. During a thunderstorm, separation of charge produces enormous electrical potential both within the cloud and between the cloud and ground. Eventually the electrical resistance in the air breaks down and a flash begins. This NASA resource is a complete "primer" on the subject of lightning -- it explains the lightning discharge process, modern data collection, and a brief history of the scientific study of lightning.
Student Tutorials:
What happens when a charged object is brought near a neutral conducting object? This animation will help your students visualize the process of induction. It was developed by the author of The Physics Classroom tutorials for high school physics.
Level: High School Physics
This tutorial/animation goes into greater depth to explain and illustrate the process of induction.
Level: High School Physics
Electric Field (10)
Lesson Plans:
Looking for a truly interactive lesson on electric field? This package was developed by an award-winning high school teacher to accompany the PhET simulation Electric Field Hockey. Students place electric charges on a simulated ice field, then use their understanding of charge interaction to guide a hockey puck into a goal. The lesson integrates the game with free-body diagrams and vector addition. NOTE: PhET's teacher-created materials are accessible only to registered users. Registration is free and easy!
Level: High School Physics
Duration: 1-2 Class Periods
Activities:
The Exploratorium "snacks" are miniature versions of popular exhibits at the museum, all do-able with inexpensive materials. For electrostatics, click on "Charge and Carry", "Electroscope", and "Holding Charge".
Level: Grades 6-12
In this game-like environment, students place positive and negative charges on a simulated ice field. Getting the puck into the goal can be easy or complicated, depending upon the charge interaction. Editor's Note: See "Lesson Plans" above for clicker questions and a student guide developed to accompany this simulation. Note: This model is available only in Java at this time.
Level: Grades 9-12
In this Java-based game, students use their understanding of charge interaction to "steer" a moving charge around a maze containing two fixed charges. By observing the changing field lines as they move the charge, students can devise a strategy to guide the particle to the exit. Editor's Note: We recommend the two animations directly above before introducing this activity.
Level: High School Physics
Understanding electric field can be easier if students start with a 1-D representation. This excellent simulation models the electric field at various points along a line. For a very simple version, use only one test charge and one charged particle. For a somewhat more challenging activity, add a second charged particle. Also contains a student worksheet specifically for use with this simulation.
Level: High School Physics
Now in HTML5 This robust model lets students move charges around a simulated electric field to determine how certain variables affect interactions among charged bodies. First, drag a positive or negative charge (or both) onto the field. The simulations allows you to place "E-Field Sensors", small positive test charges. Drag a sensor to display the voltage value at any point on the field or plot equipotential lines. A virtual tape measure is also provided to calculate distance.
Level: Grades 9-12
Duration: One Class Period
This set of three models would be a great choice for an inquiry-based exploration of electric field strength, attraction/repulsion between positive and negative charges, and factors that affect the direction of field lines. We recommend allowing one class period for students to explore the models before introducing labs on electrostatics. Each model includes accompanying problem sets.
Level: Grades 9-12
Duration: One Class Period
References and Collections:
ESA is devoted to advancing communication among professionals in the field of electrostatics. ESA sponsors annual meetings, a free bi-monthly newsletter, and Conference Proceedings. If you're looking for cutting-edge applications of electrostatics concepts, this is your website.
Level: High School Physics
Content Support For Teachers:
In this free resource, topics are connected in a well-organized concept map. One click takes the teacher from electric field to related topics such as Gauss' Law, capacitance, and calculations related to force and field potential.
Level: High School Physics
Student Tutorials:
This robust digital learning module features 9 interactive models to explore attraction/repulsion, Coulomb's Law, and charge interaction at the atomic scale. If your students can't seem to visualize electric field concepts.....they will after completing this 90-minute activity. Teachers who register on the website (it's free) can also access cool tools like "Snapshot" data capture and annotated photo albums for group sharing. Note: Requires Java.
Level: Grades 10-12
Duration: Two Class Periods
Electric Force (9)
Activities:
Inverse relationships are common in nature. In electrostatics, the electrical force between 2 charged objects is inversely related to the distance that separates them. This interactive tutorial from The Physics Classroom is the best we've found on the web for exploring and applying the inverse square law to electrostatics forces.
Level: Grades 9-12
In this Java-based game, students use their understanding of charge interaction to "steer" a moving charge around a maze containing two fixed charges. By observing the changing field lines as they move the charge, students can devise a strategy to guide the particle to the exit. Editor's Note: We recommend the two animations directly above before introducing this activity.
Level: High School Physics
Many students have difficulty understanding the interactions that cause an electric force between charges. It helps if they begin their investigation with a very simple 1-D representation of the electric force that one particle exerts on another. The user sets the amount of charge so that the particles can either attract or repel; then vector arrows appear to show the amount of force on each particle. One particle can be moved left or right along the line to see the effect of distance on the force. With one click, students can see a graph of the electric force as a function of position.
Level: High School
This newer mobile-friendly PhET sim lets students use either a macroscopic or atomic-scale view to investigate variables that affect the electrostatic force between two charged objects. Key takeaways: 1) Opposite charges attract and like charges repel; 2) Magnitude of force is related to quantity of charge and distance between the interacting objects; and 3) Newton's Third Law is applicable to electrostatic forces. Teachers: This model could be a great way to help your students explore why Coulomb's Law works mathematically.
Level: Grades 8-12
Duration: 30-40 minutes
References and Collections:
This is a wonderful collection of materials on the scientific works of Benjamin Franklin, integrating historical background with descriptions of the actual lab experiments. The lab guides explain how to set up identical (or very similar) experiments in the classroom and provides video how-to's for several lessons.
Level: Grades 6-12
Content Support For Teachers:
This web page illustrates the concept of work against an electric force using examples of the Van de Graaff generator and lightning.
Level: High School Physics
In this free resource, topics are connected in a well-organized concept map. This section gives a concise, yet thorough explanation of Coulomb's Law and how it it is used to determine the electric force between charges.
Level: High School Physics
Student Tutorials:
This interactive tutorial, part of The Physics Classroom, does a first-rate job of explaining the concepts underlying Coulomb's Law.
Level: High School
Duration: 30 minutes
This short biography on Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) gives background on the pioneer's work, which resulted in the fundamental physics law named after him. Coulomb's Law states: the electric force between charged objects inversely depends upon the distance between the objects. This tutorial helps students understand this relationship.
Level: Grades 6-12
Capacitors and their Effect on Electricity (4)
Activities:
This is one of the best simulations we've seen to illustrate what happens at the particle level inside the two plates of a parallel capacitor. Students can set the number and magnitude of charges within each capacitor, then watch the charges distribute themselves along the outer edges of their enclosures. A great visualization of the Coulomb force in action.
Level: Grades 9-12
Content Support For Teachers:
In this free resource, topics are connected in a well-organized concept map. One click takes the teacher from capacitors to related topics such as dielectrics, storage devices, and impedance.
Level: High School Physics
This resource blends text with interactive java simulations to provide an excellent overview of the topic of capacitance. It includes descriptions of how electric capacitors work and introduces simple calculations.
Level: High School
Student Tutorials:
Capacitors are electrical devices designed to store electric charge. In this interactive java tutorial, students explore factors affecting capacitance and gain understanding of how it is related to electrostatic force field.
Level: High School
Charge Interaction (10)
Lesson Plans:
Looking for a truly interactive lesson on electric field? This package was developed by an award-winning high school teacher to accompany the PhET simulation Electric Field Hockey. Students place electric charges on a simulated ice field, then use their understanding of charge interaction to guide a hockey puck into a goal. The lesson integrates the game with free-body diagrams and vector addition.
Level: Grades 9-12
Activities:
This animation illustrates the effect when a negatively-charged balloon is brought near two neutral conducting spheres.
Level: Grades 9-12
In this game-like environment, students place positive and negative charges on a simulated ice field. Getting the puck into the goal can be easy or complicated, depending upon the charge interaction. See "Lesson Plans" above for a great set of teacher-created materials that supplement this simulation -- student guide, clicker questions, and more.
Level: Grades 9-12
This simple and effective Quicktime video shows a model of a negatively-charged particle being pulled in by the positively-charged sphere of a van de Graaff generator. Although the particle is not touching the generator, they are in direct contact with a medium existing between them. We recommend viewing this item in stepped motion.
Level: High School Physics
This Quicktime video accompanies the item directly above. In this model, a positively-charged particle is shown being repelled by the positively-charged sphere of the van de Graaff generator. Both videos promote understanding of the Coulomb force by showing the electric field existing between the charges.
Level: High School Physics
An outstanding, yet simple, simulation to help students visualize electric force as a vector with magnitude and direction. It features two particles with opposite charge. Change the position and magnitude of either charge and watch the electric field respond. The field can be viewed as "grass seeds", electric potential lines, or vector field.
Level: Grades 9-12
References and Collections:
The Van de Graaff generator, invented in 1929, is an example of a nearly ideal current source, as it can supply the same small current at almost any electric potential. This site offers information needed to understand the operation and maintenance of Van de Graaff generators. The author includes helpful hints for classroom demonstrations.
Content Support For Teachers:
What happens when a charged object is brought near a neutral conducting object? Electrons in the conductor are forced (induced) to move about the sphere, as they are repelled by a negatively-charged tube. Once the ground is touched to the sphere, the electrons leave the sphere and move through the ground. Now, the sphere acquires a positive charge.
Level: High School
Duration: 20 minutes
This NASA resource is a complete "primer" on the subject of lightning. It includes an easily understood description of the lightning discharge process, modern data collection,and a brief history of the scientific study of lightning.
Student Tutorials:
This multimedia resource from NOVA explores the electrostatic forces that cause lightning. It features a nine-minute Flash video, an interactive tutorial on varieties of lightning, an "Ask the Expert" question-answer session, and background information for teachers.
Level: Grades 6-12
Duration: One Class Period
Franklin and Electrostatics (1)
References and Collections:
This is the introductory segment of materials by author Robert Morse on the scientific works of Benjamin Franklin. It integrates historical background and primary source documents alongside lesson plans for setting up identical (or very similar) experiments in the classroom. It includes a template for building a generator, plus video how-to's for several lessons.
Level: Grades 6-12
Electrostatic Induction (2)
Activities:
This Java simulation from MIT is one of our top choices to model the process of electrostatic induction. It breaks the process down into steps: charge separation within the conductor, grounding of charge, and ungrounding. It gives students an especially rich experience, as they can observe the changing electric field as "grass seeds", electric potential lines, or in a 3D view.
Level: High School
Duration: 20-30 minutes
Student Tutorials:
Electrostatic induction is a redistribution of electrical charge in an object. Induction is one way to charge an object (friction or rubbing is another way). The induction process can be confusing to students, and this Physics Classroom tutorial does a terrific job of making it clear. Includes a Q & A set to self-test understanding.
Level: High School Physics
Duration: 1-2 Class Periods
