Significant Figures and Rounding Rules

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written by Christopher Mulliss

This page deals with significant figures and rounding rules. It's primary audience is teachers of high-school and college-level science classes like Physics and Chemistry, but there are links to sites for students as well. For educators, this page describes recent research into the accuracy and safety of the standard rounding rule for multiplication and division and discusses the implicationsfor science education.

http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html

Subjects	Levels	Resource Types
General Physics - Measurement/Units Other Sciences - Mathematics	- High School - Graduate/Professional - Lower Undergraduate - Informal Education - Upper Undergraduate	- Reference Material

Intended Users	Formats	Ratings
- Educators - Professional/Practitioners - Learners	- text/html - application/pdf	Currently 0.0/5 Want to rate this material? Login here!

Access Rights:: Free access
Restriction:: Has a copyright or other licensing restriction.
Keywords:: error propagation, mathematics, rounding, sig figs, significant figures
Record Creator:: Date Metadata Instance was created July 1, 2003 by Waylon Flinn
Record Updated:: August 16, 2008 by Cathy Ezrailson
Other Collections:: The PSRC

The Physics Front

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<a href="https://www.compadre.org/portal/items/detail.cfm?ID=157">Mulliss, Christopher. Significant Figures and Rounding Rules.</a>

AIP Format

C. Mulliss, , WWW Document, (http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html).

AJP/PRST-PER

C. Mulliss, Significant Figures and Rounding Rules, <http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html>.

APA Format

Mulliss, C. (n.d.). Significant Figures and Rounding Rules. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html

Chicago Format

Mulliss, Christopher. Significant Figures and Rounding Rules. http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html (accessed 24 March 2025).

MLA Format

Mulliss, Christopher. Significant Figures and Rounding Rules. 24 Mar. 2025 <http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html>.

BibTeX Export Format

@misc{ Author = "Christopher Mulliss", Title = {Significant Figures and Rounding Rules}, Volume = {2025}, Number = {24 March 2025}, Year = {} }

Refer Export Format

%A Christopher Mulliss %T Significant Figures and Rounding Rules %U http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html %O text/html

EndNote Export Format

%0 Electronic Source %A Mulliss, Christopher %T Significant Figures and Rounding Rules %V 2025 %N 24 March 2025 %9 text/html %U http://www.angelfire.com/oh/cmulliss/index.html

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The AIP Style presented is based on information from the AIP Style Manual.

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