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Ibn Al-Haytham's Rules of Refraction

Faculty Commons material developed by Cory Christenson - Published February 27, 2025

This activity has students test the refraction rules developed by 11th century scientist Ibn Al-Haytham. He proposed a set of relationships and inequalities between angles, but not what we consider to be the correct rule discovered later in the 17th century. They see whether Ibn Al-Haytham was right or wrong by numerically computing refraction angles in various cases using Snell's Law.

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